Write My Essay, Please!

Write My Essay, Please! Ask your professor or TA to suggest a couple of well-written articles that you can learn from. This could be the specific time period you are discussing, country/location, specific case, etc. Being specific about the scope of your paper is like an academic safety guard, diminishing any criticisms for not addressing issues outside of your specified scope. Read the abstract and if that looks promising then read the introduction and the conclusion, skimming through the subheadings and/or the first sentence of each paragraph. This will give you a pretty good idea if the article will be of use to you and save you time from reading the whole thing. Start with class resources and then move to library resources. Sometimes, using a certain number of class readings is a requirement. It is also a good idea when defining concepts to use class sources and material. When editing, you should read slowly and out loud to catch run-on sentences or unclear ideas. It is also a good idea to have someone else read your paper. Pretty much anyone will be able to catch small spelling and grammar mistakes that you have missed no matter how many times you have read over your paper. Remember to never… EVER use Wikipedia as a cited source. It is a great way to get a better idea of different topics, concepts, people, and trivia, but not acceptable for an academic paper. Some general things to keep in mind when doing your research is to be careful to stay on topic and always double check with yourself that the research is relevant to your essay. Our writing team always seeks excellence in delivering the assignments faster than you expect. Promptness coupled with the highest quality â€" that’s what I like here. The assigned writer turned out to be very knowledgeable in the subject. He absolutely did his best with my research paper, for which I’m very grateful. then it is clear that a balanced essay is required. It should include a few general statements about the subject to provide a background to your essay and to attract the reader's attention. There’s no need to overpay for services that could cost you less in British pounds. Get the top-notch paper writing service that’s rather inexpensive and, most importantly, pays off with a positive result. As simple as that, you can have any homework assignment done by an expert in your subject for cheap. It should try to explain why you are writing the essay. It may include a definition of terms in the context of the essay, etc. It should also include a statement of the specific subdivisions of the topic and/or indication of how the topic is going to be tackled in order to specifically address the question. Best case scenario is to take some time between finishing your final draft and editing to give you some distance from your work. Meeting desperate deadlines is another thing that we do up to par. Make an order now, and we’ll do it in a couple of hours. We’ll recruit a premium writer who’ll write you a brilliant essay and fulfill your order on the same day. If you’re in a great hurry, then we’re the experts to ask for help. Someone in your class/field will be able to help you with the content, while someone not in your class/field is the best audience to test how well you explain your ideas and concepts. You should also look for someone who isn’t afraid to give you constructive criticism. Having said that, remember that everyone writes differently (i.e. has a different style), so you should also be critical of changes offered to you. Reading good journal articles will help you write better by observing how academics develop their arguments. We understand how deadlines are serious, and how students value every second. You can expect your essay done within 2-4 hours without any compromises on its quality, however, do ensure the essay length corresponds to the deadline you give to us. We even offer a double guarantee of your writer’s complete interest in completing the order in the best way possible. Now, you can release the payment only after the paper is delivered to you and you approve that it’s written according to your requirements. It’s the writer’s responsibility to get rid of any copy-pasted items and deliver a unique paper with proper references.

True Essay Typer

True Essay Typer A topic sentence is a thesis statement for your paragraph. It provides the specific argument the rest of the paragraph will prove. No amount of glitter or '90s WordArt can make that property law essay more exciting. Writing essays is like paying bills â€" we all have to do it at certain points in our academic careers, and it's not always the most exciting experience. This should only be a sentence or two, and can also be used to link the present paragraph to the next. Now, I'm not going to lie - this guide probably won't change that. Because your topic sentence is so focused, it requires some elaboration, so your second sentence needs to expand on the first. Sometimes this means placing it early so the rest of introduction can expand and provide supporting arguments. Other times, you might find you need other arguments before your thesis. Is it an essay with a topic from social sciences? Choose the right parameters, so we can assign a writer with adequate education and experience. Often students struggle with essays because they don't understand essay structure. How does it contribute to the overarching topic? To be honest, most of us have probably cleaned our rooms and done the dishes to put off writing an essay that little bit longer. 2) Sit back and look at your diagram, perhaps alongside your notes, and work out the main ‘point’ or conclusion you want to make in your essay. The best essays are characterised by a clear line of argument throughout â€" I don’t really buy the idea that essays should present both sides of a question. I always decide what I’m trying to say; the point I want to conclude with, before I start. In general, the further you progress through your education, the more rote learning will be replaced by the kind of analysis usually best demonstrated by essays. One way or another, essay writing comes to us all. The process of ordering papers at our website is simple and quick. Since you want the writer to work according to specific instructions, you’ll need to provide them in the order form. The form is a bit detailed, since we need info on the deadline, type of paper, area of study, topic, citation style, and more. Make sure to specify the type of project and its area of study. Now, the job you’ve got in writing the essay is to set this conclusion up. Even if your teacher does prescribe reading, it’s always worth seeing whether you can find something extra that will add breadth, depth or a fresh perspective to your argument. However, it’s important to think carefully about whether a source is reliable and valuable. The good news, on the other hand, is that the individual skills required to write a strong essay are things you can learn, practise and improve in. This article is all about pinpointing what those skills might be, and giving you some suggestions as to how you might develop them. As a writer, you also need to organize your paragraphs overall. An essay should be organized according to an internal logic wherein one idea leads logically to the next.

Writing A Strong College Admissions Essay

Writing A Strong College Admissions Essay Use tip #4 and write five original sentences that could be turned into an essay. After you write your five sentences, it’s easy to fill in the paragraphs they will find themselves in. That means that the best essays are about surprise, “You probably think it’s one way, but in reality, you should think of it this other way.” See tip #3 for more on this. Also, make sure you’ve hit the nail on the head by addressing the topic in the best way possible. Finally, check the format and the grammar as well as spelling mistakes. Once you’re satisfied, you can present your paper. In the beginning, you will have to write an introductory sentence to usher the reader into the topic. And don’t forget that Kibin is here to help make those essays shine. Be sure to check out other blogs and resources linked in this postâ€"they’ll help you prepare for the various types of writing you’ll be doing throughout your college career. Also ask your friend to be an objective voice and offer advice. If any parts of your essay seem weak or confusing, your friend can probably point this out to you so that you can fix these items before turning in your paper. Think about how you use summary in your introduction. You’ll do something similar when you end your essay in the conclusion. Discuss another side of the argument, and show some examples from research that make sound points that go against your ideas. Just be sure to offer a strong rebuttal to continue supporting your side of the argument. Your argument needs a healthy balance of both logos and pathos. Your instructor can provide the topic or you can be asked to research on a topic of your choice. The latter can be quite difficult, especially when it comes to broad and narrow topics. Stop trying to write a good essay (or even a “good-enough” essay). Instead, write aninterestingessay, write an essay you think is fascinating. And when you’re finished, go back and edit it until it’s “good” according to your teacher’s standards. Every once in a while, I would write a really good essay, but mostly I skated by with B’s and A-minuses. This is followed by statements supporting the topic including examples that touch on the topic. Make sure the information is correct and stick to the topic as well. The topic you pick has a great influence on your overall essay. You can read my ten best tips for having fun while writing an essay that earns you the top grade, or checkout this presentation designed by our friends at Canva Presentations. Yes, you need to follow the guidelines in your assignment. If your teacher tells you to write a five-paragraph essay, then write a five-paragraph essay! However, within those guidelines, find room to express something that is uniquely you. Have only facts, and your paper will seem boring and robotic. Have only an emotional appeal, and you won’t appear credible to the reader. In the letter, King appeals to his audience by citing their common connection and goals as clergymen. Pathos brings humanity to the words you write, so make sure you have it in your paper. Make sure that any arguments you make to support your thesis don’t contain any logical fallacies. If you were writing a paper on graphic novels and all you type in is “graphic novels,” you would get so many results that it would be impossible to find what you were looking for. Instead, try using built-in Boolean parameters, such as AND, OR, and NOT. Popular sources, such as news and magazine articles and blogs, are usually not going to cut it when it comes to supporting an argument. It’s a lot harder for readers to poke holes in your argument if the logic is rock-solid. To start, do some initial research on a topic that interests you, and then look for an argument or “conversation” that’s happening within that topic.

Essay Writing Service From Top

Essay Writing Service From Top Ask your teacher, your parents, and those in your study group. Feedback is a great way to get a second opinion on your work and argument. Now that we’ve looked at the basics of how to write an essay, we need to consider the exam essay. It’s one thing to take your time crafting an essay over a couple of hours or days, but an entirely different experience to write one in under 40 minutes. Once you have a fair idea about your essay topic, start writing up your essay. Your initial writing attempts won’t be your final draft so don’t get too caught up in producing a final piece of work at this point. You will be asked to write an essay based on content you have learnt in class. Provide us with the details of your assignment and specify the deadline for the task. Please make sure that all essential requirements are included to avoid misunderstandings. We ask the customers to make payments before writers start working on the orders to secure our experts. The Introduction sets the scene for the essay and gives the reader a clear idea of what they can expect. Explain why the example supports your argument â€" this links it back to your topic sentence and thesis(the L part of a T.E.E.L Structure). The topic sentence â€" You use this to introduce the subject matter of the essay and locate it in the logic of your argument. In the last part of our Guide, we looked at how essays work and discussed the structure and planning of an essay. It should usually be the first sentence of the paragraph, though in some cases it is appropriate to be the second sentence. A transition sentence is a sentence that helps link the points of each paragraph together by making a smooth transition from the previous paragraph. It can be done in the first sentence of the new paragraph or the last sentence of the previous one. A good way to tie all the points together throughout the body section is to have them all clearly state how they support the thesis statement. Once you know exactly what the question is asking of you, do a quick brainstorm to map what you already know about the topic and what you need to find out. Your writer will investigate the topic to make sure not a single aspect of it is left out. Each paragraph in the body section should have a topic sentence and, perhaps, a transition sentence. The topic sentence is the particular point you are trying to make in the paragraph. A good introduction briefly introduces the topic and gives signposts to the main points that the essay will address. Good essays are presented in a clear and logical format. If you haven’t read it, you should go check that out first. In this part, we’ll get into the nitty-gritty of writing the essay and give you some tips for producing Band 6 responses in exam conditions. With the payment completed, we are now ready to take care of your order. Our dedicated Customer service representatives will look for a writer who is experienced in the required field of expertise. The shorter the deadline, the faster we work to match you with the expert perfect for the job. It’s now time to see what that involves and how it differs from the process above. The thesis (1.) and thematic framework (2.) need only be reworded from the introduction, but your concluding statement (3.) needs to do something new. The final statement needs to explain the connection of your argument to the module and what YOU have taken away from the study of the module. Unlike reports, essays do not include headings so the links between paragraphs should be clear for the reader. Once you are familiar with these sections, brainstorm and map out key points that you will cover in each section. Remember, your conclusion needs to recap your ideas and thesis. You also need to leave a lasting impression on your reader. Conclusion are actually these easiest part of the essay to write.

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Best Essay Writing Services From Bestessays Com

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9 Steps For Writing A Great Essay

9 Steps For Writing A Great Essay Logically structured body paragraphs which include supporting evidence from academic sources. When it comes to learning how to write better, MyEssayWriter.net is that company. The writers there are skillful, humble, passionate, teaching and tutoring from personal experience, and exited to show you the way. To write a 1000 word essay, ideally you should allow yourself about 3 weeks. You might wonder how you can include your own voice and still sound academic when you are writing about a subject area in which you have little knowledge. We can either improve your writing before your teacher sees the work, or make corrections after. Being a good writer involves using other people’s ideas to support your work. However, you should never forget to say where these ideas come from, even if you don’t quote the person’s exact words. In this structure the similarities and/or differences between two or more items, for example, theories or models, are discussed paragraph by paragraph. Your assignment task may require you to make a recommendation about the suitability of the items you are comparing. Examples of this include questions which ask you to discuss, analyse, investigate, explore or review. In an analytical structure you are required to break the topic into its different components and discuss these in separate paragraphs or sections, demonstrating balance where possible. Before you start, it is important to understand what type of essay you are required to write. The language of the question, especially the directive words, will indicate the type of essay and suggest an appropriate structure to follow in your essay. More information on directive words is contained in the QUT cite|write booklet . At first, chocolate, a derivative of the cacao bean, was consumed as a drink, only later achieving mass popularity in tablet or bar form. However, chocolate’s inherent popularity does not equate to it possessing healthy properties, as suggested by the title. Yet the potential benefits of flavanols in chocolate are currently offset by the high fat/carbohydrate content of most forms of chocolate. Whether chocolate is a food or a drug is also unclear. It can therefore be said that chocolate is not a healthy food, but can be enjoyed as part of a healthy and balanced diet and lifestyle. What they teach you will help you improve your grades. Our top writers are designated to complete full courses. This is the best way to get through your course with the least amount of effort. If your essay is already written and needs to be corrected for proper syntax, grammar and spelling, this option is for you. ‘Integrity’ relates to ‘honesty’, and academic integrity involves writing in an honest way, so that no one will think you are claiming that words or ideas from someone else are your own. This is very important in academic writing in western countries, and if you do not do this you might be accused of plagiarism, which is a serious offence at university. Obesity and chocolate consumption seemingly have no proven correlations. Another possible positive dimension to chocolate is a correlation with cardiovascular health. Including your voice does not mean that you should say ‘I think’ or ‘in my opinion’. Since Spanish explorers brought back chocolate from the new world, chocolate consumption has become a worldwide phenomenon.

Introductions & Conclusions

Introductions & Conclusions The online writing courses provide a personal approach for students because they work one-on-one with a certified teacher. Order refers to the way you organize your supporting sentences. To make it more clear for you, here are a few examples which you can refer to understand more. These are short essay examples which you will easily understand. As a short essay is determined by its length, it should have maximum of 3 body paragraphs. Always avoid the least reliable sources, such as blogs or random articles. Well, I hope, that the above sections cleared it all. Keep your sentences short and should explain the meaning perfectly. If your information is from reliable sources, your chances of getting excellence will get high. Try to go for the websites that end with .edu or .gov. For example, if you are writing on any journalism topic, then go for BBC or other well-known news websites. Each paragraph can represent one point but, there should be a flow between those paragraphs. The introductory paragraph must introduce the idea which will be discussed in the essay. 3 paragraphs out of 5, should be of the main body. This part contains your main ideas and supporting evidence or facts. Worse, all three of these answers reveal a lack of understanding of the marketplace in which writers are trying to sell storiesâ€"the same marketplace where we agents are selling stories. You have a limit over the word count, therefore, using excessively long speech doesn’t make a sense in a short essay. For assignments that require double spacing, it would take approximately 250 words to fill the page. Again, the type of font used can make the word count higher or lower, but it’s a good rule of thumb for those who are simply looking for a general estimation. You need to put the strongest argument in the first paragraph and then later support it with appropriate facts. The first sentence itself should claim the urgency of the topic which becomes worth reading. The statement can be debatable so that opponents will want to argue on your issue. The essay needs to answer the question or, you can say the topic assigned to you. I think it depends a lot on your personality, but forcing myself to be consistent day in and day out helps me get my books done. Without a daily word count, I would never complete them. You might be facing difficulties in writing a 200 word essay or a 500 word essay, but don’t worry as I am here to help you. You can also visit allassignmenthelp.com to get quick online essay help. Students love Time4Writing’s online writing courses because they help develop strong writing skills and a high level of comfort with the entire writing process.

10 Tips For Students To Write An Excellent Essay

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Critical Essay Writing

Critical Essay Writing Choose a question to answer or an issue to address. As you do your research, you will likely find yourself narrowing your focus even further. For example, you might discover that there is a particular question you want to answer, or that there's a popular argument or theory about your topic that you'd like to try to disprove. This question or issue will form the basis for your thesis, or main argument. As you're researching your topic, keep detailed notes about relevant information, ideas that interest you, and questions that you need to explore further. A strong introduction should also contain a brief transitional sentence that creates a link to the first point or argument you would like to make. For example, if you're discussing the use of color in a work of art, lead in by saying you'd like to start with an overview of symbolic color use in contemporary works by other artists. When you write the outline, think about how you would like to organize your essay. Communicate with the writer whenever you want using secure chat board and keep track of the writing progress. In case of any questions, contact our support manager. I used to be afraid of online writing companies. If you plan to use any of the information that you find in your paper, write down detailed citation information. This will allow you to find the information again and cite it properly. We offer professional term paper writers with degrees in 35+ fields. Tell us ‘write my essay online,’ specify your subject and topic, and receive a compelling English essay within your deadline. Quite often, students get overwhelmed with the amount of workload, thus it’s difficult to submit all of their college assignments on time without writing help. Lots of college students work part-time trying to earn extra money or to pay off their loans. Therefore, they don’t have enough time to complete all the writing assignments. For example, if you're writing a 1,000-word essay, your conclusion should be about 4-5 sentences long. If you're writing an argumentative essay, get familiar with the major arguments against your point of view. You'll need to incorporate those counterarguments into your essay and present convincing evidence against them. , but most of them are too expensive for students. We understand that college students are usually on a tight budget, and we don’t want them to fall for cheap services with low-quality papers. We care about our customers and want them to be 100% satisfied with our paper writing service. Along with the highest quality of writing, we offer the following benefits for free. There are experts in MBA, History, Literature, Arts, Accounting, Marketing, Nursing, Math, and other subjects on the team. Make an order, and we’ll match you with a subject-relevant writer having the necessary qualification to fulfill your order up to par. Contact your writer for free anytime using the Message board. FREE UNLIMITED REVISIONS If you are not fully satisfied with your paper, ask us for a free revision within 2 weeks after the delivery. Your writer will make all the necessary changes. Nonetheless, many students save their essays for the last minute and stay up till morning trying to string those 3,000 words together. If you have already written your paper but need another pair of eyes to look at it, try our editing service. A professional academic editor will go over your paper and master it to absolute perfection. The essay is the most common written assignment at college. For example, you might start with your strongest arguments and then move to the weakest ones. Or, you could begin with a general overview of the source you're analyzing and then move on to addressing the major themes, tone, and style of the work.

8 Tips For Writing An Excellent Essay

8 Tips For Writing An Excellent Essay It is important to understand that only by trusting each other can the best end result be achieved. We pride ourselves in an on-time delivery of the work. The best thing to do is to be available when the final version of the assignment should arrive. Your work will be sent out two hours AT THE LATEST before the deadline by the assigned author from this writing company. However, there are also arguments in support of sending children to school rather than educating them at home. Though this should be an unspoken fact, it is important that you understand the information you share with our legit service will remain 100% anonymous. There is no need to worry that your personal details will be shared as this can not be done without direct consent. A final argument is that school can offer a much wider range of subjects and expertise than parents can provide on their own. Parents would need to have a whole range of professional knowledge in science subjects like physics and chemistry to English literature and economics. It is also questionable whether parents could keep a disciplined study atmosphere at home because of the friendly family atmosphere. In sum, home tuition can affect social independence and fail to provide the correct resources and professional teaching. Instead, think about whether or not what they’re arguing holds true in your experience â€" or compare them to each other. Secondly, if you’re working from books or downloadable articles, can you afford to work somewhere without the internet? The absence of Facebook and Instagram will guarantee your concentration will be about a hundred times better, which will show in the quality of your work. When expressing your opinion, do it third-person and back it up with evidence. At school, on the other hand, they are able to socialise and meet people of different ages and so become increasingly independent. Children also need their peers to do subjects like sports and drama. Another important point is that schools have more resources and equipment than can be provided at home such as libraries, sports equipment and laboratories for science experiments. The actions are an indication that you have understood the topic well and understand the actions that could be taken in the presented scenario. There are occasions when the types might get mixed up. However, the structure of the essay usually helps you pen down a self-explanatory piece of content. There is a thesis about the central themes of a discussed work in it. To display a range of vocabulary in your essay, ideally, try to use synonyms of the words wherever possible. It is also useful to use a variety of words to describe or convey our point. For instance, to convey disagreement one can use ‘I disagree’, ‘I am not in the favor of’, ‘I do not agree’, ‘I believe otherwise’. We recommend you to set a shorter deadline than the one you actually have, so you’ll leave space for revisions in case you need them. You’re safe to place an order, knowing that we never share details with third parties. You will receive an entirely unique paper that cannot be tracked as plagiarism. We have a versed offer that covers all papers assigned throughout high school, college, and university. There’s practically no assignment we’d struggle with. This would leave an impression of a native speaker communicating without the lack of vocabulary. Writing an effective essay is an art that can be mastered only by practice and feedback. There are several points which affect the affectivity of your essay. In addition to summarizing your body, one could also provide suggestions or actions that could be taken in a particular situation. It will help to understand their structure and writing style. But don’t copy others’ ideas, trying to sound smarter! Develop your writing style, use the words you know, and introduce your ideas. do researchand find secondary sources such as scholarly articles or online reviews by experts to understand the original piece better. Collect all the necessary references you might later need to give credit in your critical essay. Our customer support department is very effective in replying ASAP. They are kind, reliable, and fast in responding. Feel free to contact them at any stage of the order. You can reach out before ordering the paper, too. It’s very important for you to get the content on time.

The Ultimate Guide To Essay Writing

The Ultimate Guide To Essay Writing You need to read every single word of it, and to squeeze out as much guidance you can from the title. Then you need to plan how you will respond to every single element of the title. The guidance given to you by the title is freely available, and is your best clue to what is required in your essay. A final check for grammar and punctuation errors is always time well spent, since grading is influenced by the appropriate use of standard English. The last thing you should do before handing in your essay is to proofread it. A report is a style of writing that is both systematic and objective in its presentation of information to the reader. They are often used as the basis for further research. Report writing skills are widely used in industry and are therefore well worth acquiring. Any report, regardless of style, is very different from an essay. Reports are designed to be selective in information given, and the correct compilation and layout of a report is arguably as important as the material it contains. The State Department-supported EducationUSA network will also offer facilitated discussions in some locations for students interested in pursuing higher education in the United States. This partnership is part of the English Education Alliance , a global effort of the U.S. Department of State to address the global demand for 21st century English language skills. Train your employees in the most in-demand topics, with edX for Business. While a certain level of efficiency is desirable, it is also important to remain flexible enough to identify relevant and interesting ideas that you had not anticipated. Throughout this process, the essay title is the single immovable feature. You begin there; you end there; and everything in between needs to be placed in relation to that title. It is often useful to let someone else read it and listen to their comments, as well as reading it through out loud to yourself. Please think very carefully before numbering headings and paragraphs in reports as these often become confusing and adversely affect presentation. The most important starting point is to listen carefully to what the essay title is telling you. using critical writing as much as possible; with descriptive writing being used where necessary, but kept to a minimum. A collection of Question lists is available via the Learning Development website. These lists suggest questions to ask of your writing when you are reviewing it. Every year, some students decide that they wish to change their programme of study, and move either to another programme within University College Birmingham. When writing a report, a number of books, websites and journal articles may be used. It is extremely important that your sources of reference are both adequate and accurate. You may lose marks if your report is too long or too short. All reports should have an introduction, main body, divided into sections, a conclusion and, sometimes, recommendations. Information which is not directly relevant to your discussion but worthy of inclusion for follow-up purposes should be placed in the appendices. Careful thought and preparation is the key to presenting successful reports. It is well worth taking some time to think about what you aim to achieve from your efforts and also who the reader may be. If you decide to use a numbering style, please use the Microsoft Word numbering tools, as these will present the numbers in the most suitable manner. Think very carefully before adding decorative features like WordArt, page borders or Clip Art to any piece of academic work. Such additions are unlikely to improve the work, and often serve only as a distraction. Plagiarism is the act of using someone else’s words or ideas and passing them off as your own. Part of the skill in report writing is to know what to leave out as well as include.

100 Ielts Essay Questions

100 Ielts Essay Questions He received his PhD in English Literature and Medieval Studies from the University of Texas at Austin in 2014. You might find it helpful to do some reading on your topic and make notes about anything you find interesting or any questions you have. Try doing some free-writing and putting down any thought that jumps into your head. Different essay genres can have different formats. Keep the introduction short, preferably to one or two paragraphs and keep it, succinct, to the point. We'll never share your email address and you can unsubscribe at any time. You don’t want to waste time reading through and endless number of articles simply to find that they aren’t actually relevant. To do this, simply input the name of the article in the search bar and hit enter. In the results, click “cited by” â€" this will return a list of all of the articles that have cited the publication you searched for. Marking Services New Your work reviewed by an expert academic. It should represent the basic features of the essay, so it will guide your thoughts in an organized manner. Don't try to categorize the ideas as silly or awesome; just write them down. Now, all you need to do is write the content itself. Here is a sample of a plain mind map, created with online software. Edu Geeks Club is a place where professionals are happy to share their expertise with students to help them succeed in their specialty. I searched a lot of websites for help, but this site helped me than any other site. Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 7,277,024 times. This article was co-authored by Christopher Taylor, PhD. Christopher Taylor is an Adjunct Assistant Professor of English at Austin Community College in Texas. Make sure to check the specific conventions of your essay genre with your professor. It may be helpful to read each sentence out loud to yourself. After editing your essay, go over it again closely to spot any minor errors, such as typos or formatting problems. There may be issues that you missed during your initial round of editing, and there could also be new typos or formatting issues if you made changes to the original draft. You may find it easier to spot these errors on a printout rather than on an electronic version of your essay. we are fully operational, with our team and academics working safely. Once you're sure that the structure of the paper is fine, you can go with the final proofreading. Take side notes of the corrections you intend to make. Don't start with the proofreading yet; that part will come a bit later. Whenever you use a certain resource as inspiration or support for your claims, make sure to reference it in accordance with the citation standard you follow. The general rule of thumb is that you should paraphrase wherever possible, and quote only when necessary or if it clarifies the point you are making. That said, paraphrasing can be difficult without losing the inherit value of the argument presented. This essay explores the role of cultural capital in the consumption of art, and the impact of cultural capital on consumers’ perception of artistic expressions. In this essay I will look at how people who buy art use cultural capital. My theory is that having more cultural capital will change their taste in art, as they are able to understand the pieces differently to other people. When drawing on other authors it is important to understand the distinction between quoting and paraphrasing. Quotations should not be used as a substitute for your own words. A quote should always have an explanation in your own words to show its significance to your argument.

100 Ielts Essay Questions

100 Ielts Essay Questions He received his PhD in English Literature and Medieval Studies from the University of Texas at Austin in 2014. You might find it helpful to do some reading on your topic and make notes about anything you find interesting or any questions you have. Try doing some free-writing and putting down any thought that jumps into your head. Different essay genres can have different formats. Keep the introduction short, preferably to one or two paragraphs and keep it, succinct, to the point. We'll never share your email address and you can unsubscribe at any time. You don’t want to waste time reading through and endless number of articles simply to find that they aren’t actually relevant. To do this, simply input the name of the article in the search bar and hit enter. In the results, click “cited by” â€" this will return a list of all of the articles that have cited the publication you searched for. Marking Services New Your work reviewed by an expert academic. It should represent the basic features of the essay, so it will guide your thoughts in an organized manner. Don't try to categorize the ideas as silly or awesome; just write them down. Now, all you need to do is write the content itself. Here is a sample of a plain mind map, created with online software. Edu Geeks Club is a place where professionals are happy to share their expertise with students to help them succeed in their specialty. I searched a lot of websites for help, but this site helped me than any other site. Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 7,277,024 times. This article was co-authored by Christopher Taylor, PhD. Christopher Taylor is an Adjunct Assistant Professor of English at Austin Community College in Texas. Make sure to check the specific conventions of your essay genre with your professor. It may be helpful to read each sentence out loud to yourself. After editing your essay, go over it again closely to spot any minor errors, such as typos or formatting problems. There may be issues that you missed during your initial round of editing, and there could also be new typos or formatting issues if you made changes to the original draft. You may find it easier to spot these errors on a printout rather than on an electronic version of your essay. we are fully operational, with our team and academics working safely. Once you're sure that the structure of the paper is fine, you can go with the final proofreading. Take side notes of the corrections you intend to make. Don't start with the proofreading yet; that part will come a bit later. Whenever you use a certain resource as inspiration or support for your claims, make sure to reference it in accordance with the citation standard you follow. The general rule of thumb is that you should paraphrase wherever possible, and quote only when necessary or if it clarifies the point you are making. That said, paraphrasing can be difficult without losing the inherit value of the argument presented. This essay explores the role of cultural capital in the consumption of art, and the impact of cultural capital on consumers’ perception of artistic expressions. In this essay I will look at how people who buy art use cultural capital. My theory is that having more cultural capital will change their taste in art, as they are able to understand the pieces differently to other people. When drawing on other authors it is important to understand the distinction between quoting and paraphrasing. Quotations should not be used as a substitute for your own words. A quote should always have an explanation in your own words to show its significance to your argument.

Why Is Essay Writing Very Useful For Students?

Why Is Essay Writing Very Useful For Students? Once they're all down on paper, start by eliminating those topics that are difficult or not as relevant as others topics. Also, get rid of those topics that are too challenging or that you're just not that interested in. Pretty soon you will have whittled your list down to just a few topics and then you can make a final choice. Argumentative - These type of essays, also known as persuasive essays, make a specific claim about a topic and then provide evidence and arguments to support the claim. The claim set forth in argumentative essays may be an opinion, an evaluation, an interpretation, cause-effect statement or a policy proposal. If you've already selected an essay topic, and developed an outline or diagram, you now can decide what points you want to communicate through your essay. In each smaller circle, write a main idea about your topic, or point you want to make. The purpose of argumentative essays is to convince or persuade the reader that a claim is valid. Essays should be presented word processed as directed on A4 paper. Slang and jargon should not be used and long, rambling sentences should be avoided. If this is persuasive essay, then write down your arguments. If the object of the essay is to explain a process , then write down a step in each circle. Don't worry or agonize over organization at this point, just create a moderately organized format for your information. Once you have defined the purpose of your essay, it's time to brainstorm. Take some time to consider, contrast and weight your options. Get out a piece of paper and make a list of all the different topics that fit the purpose of your essay. A good dictionary is the writer’s friend â€" spell checks cannot always be relied on. Your grammar (sentence structure, use of vocabulary…) should be considered carefully, as should punctuation. Together with research and planning, these areas make an impression on the reader. An introduction to academic writing for English Language Learners, focusing on essay development, grammatical correctness, and self-editing. Read and reread your paper to ensure the sentences are sensible and paragraphs flow into each other smoothly. Check the grammar, spelling, and punctuation make necessary corrections. Delete any irrelevant sections; improve expressions by changing the vocabulary. If your essay is intended to be informative or explain , write the major categories into which information can be divided. They want to make sure they have all their thoughts organized in their head before they put anything down on paper. Creating a diagram or outline allows you to put pen to paper and start organizing your ideas. Some assignments, and most examination answers, will be required to be presented in the form of an essay. An essay is a continuous piece of writing in which ideas, propositions, research and justifications are put forward and analysed in the form of a series of paragraphs. Now write up your final draft and submit it before the deadline. At this stage, you’ll need a laptop to start writing the essay. It’s best to use one that’s particularly comfortable due to the hours it will take to craft. To find one that’s suitable, you can check out the best laptop for writers which is based on the ergonomic design of the device to make it easy for essay writers.

Natures Heartache and Despair in Nerudas Girl Lithe and Tawny - Literature Essay Samples

Pablo Neruda’s â€Å"Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair† use nature as a common motif to express his feelings of love towards a woman and the loneliness he feels being with her. An example of such work is found in his poem, â€Å"Girl Lithe and Tawny†. In each stanza, Neruda uses stylistic imagery of nature and its powerful beauty to help express his love and appreciation for an absent woman that he loves.Beauty in the world can often be seen in nature, which is both powerfully dark and frightening, yet at the same time also pleasant and lovely. The natural world is beautiful simply because it is natural; it has existed before the beginnings of human kind and does not follow the ways of humanity, but instead influences and affects man. It has the ability to captivate humanity by its stunning beauty, but at the same time it is also able to destroy. It is an all-powerful force that can occasionally, by its own will, take the lives of human beings, destroy sur roundings, and evoke feelings of pain and despair. In his poetry, Neruda combines these seemingly opposite perspectives of nature to symbolically express the feelings he has towards his lover, who brings him joy and adoration, yet at the same time causes him pain and sadness.In the first stanza of the poem â€Å"Girl Lithe and Tawny†, Neruda says â€Å"and your mouth has the smile of the water†. Neruda compares the woman’s smile to â€Å"the water† symbolically in order to help the reader understand the depth of the woman’s beauty in his eyes. In this case, he is comparing her smile to water, which is vast, deep and powerful. Water is also essential to the human body, which helps Neruda explain the extent of his love for her in the fact that he needs her smile like the human body needs water. On the other hand, water can easily also be deadly in many different ways to humankind, bringing pain and anguish. By comparing the â€Å"girl† of the poem and her smile to water, Neruda is exposing both sides of his lover: both the beauty and depth of her smile that he adores, but also the deep despair and pain it brings him.In the second stanza, Neruda again uses a powerful image of nature to express the opposing combination of love and pain he feels, this time comparing his lover to a black sun; â€Å"a black yearning sun is braided into the strands of your black mane, when you stretch your arms†. Neruda takes an object of nature that is cheery and bright, and makes it dark and mysterious. A sun is usually perceived to be pleasant and warm, which Neruda uses to express the beauty of her â€Å"black mane.† At the same time, however, the girl has taken a sun and made it black, a color of darkness and death. Using such a melancholy color as black for an object so radiant as the sun helps Neruda express the seemingly contradictory feelings of joy and sadness he feels for his lover. The fact that the sun is extremely p owerful as the universal source of life for human beings helps Neruda explain the depth of influence this woman and her beauty have on him. She is capable, through her beauty (in this case, her black hair), of influencing him and bringing life to him. She is so significantly powerful in his life, however, that she is also capable of virtually destroying him.In the third stanza, Neruda compares the woman of the poem to â€Å"the frenzied youth of the bee†. A bee is significant in the existence of nature; it helps flowers bloom and grow. A bee is responsible for making the flowers and plants around it successfully bloom, making the natural world thrive beautifully. In this sense, Neruda is saying that his lover is like a bee to him; her presence helps him thrive, grow and survive. A bee, however, is also dangerous; it is easily capable of inflicting pain when it feels threatened in any way. By comparing the girl of the poem to a bee, he is saying that he is livened through the presence she has in his life, but that she also brings him pain and anguish, a recurring theme Neruda uses in the poem in his images of nature.In the final stanza, Neruda uses another seemingly contradictory natural image to express the various feelings he has towards his beloved. In the third line, he states â€Å"dark butterfly, sweet and definitive† A common perception of a butterfly is a pleasant and beautiful little creature that lightly decorates nature with its presence. It does not, in any way, bring harm or pain to anyone by its presence. Neruda, however, brings a variation to this common perception by describing his lover as a â€Å"dark butterfly†. By using the word â€Å"dark,† Neruda immediately adds a feeling of mystery and dread to a creature of sweet beauty. The word â€Å"dark† inflicts a sense of sadness and hopelessness, an emotion which Neruda seems to imply throughout the poem in talking about his lover. Although he believes the woman of the poem to be sweet and beautiful like a butterfly, he is hindered in his joy with a feeling of sadness, the darkness that brings him pain even in his love.Neruda’s use of nature as a poetic expression of the coexisting feelings of love and sadness he feels towards his lover are profound in the understanding of the poem. By relating his lover to seemingly contradictory images such as â€Å"dark butterfly† and â€Å"black yearning sun,† he is able to explain the depths of his emotion for the mentioned woman. His indirect symbolic imagery leaves the interpretation up to the reader, but the feelings he expresses are obvious and powerful and strongly convey Neruda’s passion for the woman he loves and the deep heartache he suffers.

The secret language of leadership - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 35 Words: 10501 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Selected in 2000 as one of the worlds ten most admired knowledge leader, Steve Denning is an award winner for the books  «The secret language of leadership » and  «the leaders guide to storytelling ». He studied law and psychology in Sydney University and then went to Oxford in the UK for a law postgraduate degree. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The secret language of leadership" essay for you Create order He worked in organization in the US, Europe, Asia and Australia and was until 2000 the program director Knowledge Management at the World Bank. In the book the Secret Language of Leadership, the steps that have to be achieved to become a successful leader are to get the attention, to stimulate desire, to reinforce the reason and to continue the conversation. To reach those, a leader has to use six enablers that will be describing in our analysis of the language of Leadership: key enablers. rticulating a clear, inspiring goal Stephen Denning starts his explanation of the key enablers of the language of Leadership by a quote o George Bernard Shaw: This is the true joy in life, the being used for a purpose recognized by yourself as a mighty one; the being thoroughly worn out before you are thrown on the scrap heap; the being a force of Nature instead of a feverish selfish little clod of ailments and grievances complaining that the world will not devote itself to making you happy. This quote shows us the importance we give on the recognition of the actions we can do or the goal we can reach. We will now analyze how important it is to articulate a clear, inspiring goal. Stephen Denning illustrate the chapter, Articulating a clear, inspiring goal, of his book; with the example of the company Apple. Steve Jobs the creator of Apple had created chaos in his company because even if he is a brilliant person he was not an inexperience chairman. A new CEO took his place in 1983, John Sculley, who was a star manager of other big companies as Pepsi. Even if Sculley did a good job on stabilizing the corporation and rationnalized the products, the Apple staff was no supporting him. Sculley wanted to implement a shift in Apple life by producing low cost computers like Dell, but the staff was not interested in becoming just another computer company. They wanted to follow Steve Jobs goal of creating cool, innovative electronic products, a purpose that for themselves was worthwhile in itself. John Sculley was forced out in 1993, his instrumental goals were not embraced and he was not successful on inspiring Apple staff to pursue new goals energetically and enthusiastically. What the staff wanted was to pursue Apple original purpose, which was more seductive for them as they came into this company for those values. Michael Spindler, Sculleys successors met the same fate. Steve Jobs came back as the CEO of Apple, and he didnt try to change the company purpose, which he settled many years before. We now know the success of Apple, Steve Jobs became a great CEO and he spread the world with his initiate focus, which was designing cool, innovative electronic products. Apple is a success story and Steve Jobs is often associate to this success, even when he has medical trouble it has an important impact on Apple stock exchange. Steve Jobs is so link to Apple that every launching of his product and every keynote he does make a huge buzz. In my opinion and especially in the market of new technologies when a company his created with a new concept, a brand new idea, a new way to work and projection in the future; the people who mean to work for those values are so convince that it is what you have to reach that they wont consider any other proposition. Sculley and Spindler did not take into consideration what was Apple staff considerations and first goals; it is why we ask them to quit the company. It is complicated to change the main purpose of a business and the common goals and ideas of a whole staff when there are extremely committed to it. Before making changes in a company you have to define a clear vision and history of what people working in are sensitive and committed to. 1. Articulating a Worthwhile purpose In this part, Stephen Denning set up the problematic of the importance of enduring enthusiasm. He is wondering why Steve Jobs could generate enduring enthusiasm while John Sculley couldnt. Stephen Denning take the example of two kids playing piano, one child loves it, its a joy for her to play, it fills her life with meaning and she wins prizes. Her joy of playing is even more important that the prizes or recognition she could get. An other child is forced by her parents to play, she has a natural aptitude for music but do not enjoy it so much. Those two girls have a different view on this activity, the first one feels energized and enthusiastic and the second one is bored. Stephen Denning link this example with the practice of sharing knowledge in the organization, which is called knowledge management. Some people within the organization commit their working lives to making the best knowledge available to those who need it. They are honest and open to others. The source of their own personal growth is from the knowledge they spread within the organization, the benefits for them is the inherent value of sharing knowledge itself. Some people are practicing knowledge management on their own, it is to bring more money into the company, but for those who want to share their knowledge, they will find reward in the essential fact that the knowledge will be share. Stephen Denning says: A principal difference between these two different ways of viewing an activity is that when the activity generates sustained enthusiasm, the activity is being pursued for its own sake, not merely to achieve some instrumental or external good such as money, status, prestige, power, or winning. The perceived inherent worth of the activity being undertaken is foundational. For Stephen Denning the enthusiasm toward an activity is important, because if you are enthusiastic for an activity, you will be for the own sake of this activity and not for some other instrumental goals. I totally agree with this vision, as I consider than even if you can be successful for an activity you dont really like, you wont have the same interest and implication to that activity that if youre really enthusiastic about it. When you are a leader your are face to certain situation that if you are not enthusiastic about what you are doing it will be difficult for you to find solutions or it will take you more time to do it, or you will not act you should do. The enthusiasm you could have for an activity can have influence on the people you are working with. The have feelings and can perceive if you are running for instrumental goals or if you find happiness on the own sake of an activity. It is an element to recognize basic leaders to outstanding ones. In some situation, Stephen Denning take the example of prisoners in a concentration camps, people can find psychic energy to create meaning for their lives. The people who are able to find inherent value in whatever they are doing are sometimes called autotelic personalities: they have the capacity to be intrinsically motivated by almost any activity. It is a great advantage of being able to find value in what you are doing and to be motivated in whatever you do, but I am sceptical on the degree of enthusiasm of those people. I agree in the fact that you can motivate yourself for some activities that you are not really into it, but I think their might be a difference in the level of implication and enthusiasm for activities that really fit to you and you personality and vision that the one which are not. Stephen Denning define the characteristics of activities that can generate sustained enthusiasm: The participants in the activity can see themselves making progress toward something that is good for its own sake, additional effort is a joy and not a burden. The participants experience their own personal growth and development as part of the activity. A balance between ability level and challengeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the activity is neither too easy nor too difficultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ is also conducive to enthusiasm. The participants see themselves as contributing to, raising the sights of, and enhancing the efforts of other people pursuing the same activity. Ideally, the activity should bring some positive instrumental benefits: income, status, prestige. But even without that, it should at least be without negative instrumental effects. If those four elements are in place, there are chances that enthusiasm can be sustained. We can also notice that the primacy of goals pursued for their own sake in transformational leadership does not mean that instrumental benefits are unimportant. In practice, instrumental benefits reinforce the pursuit of goals for their own sake. Instrumental goals are complementary to enthusiasm and the pursued of goals by their own sake. But you have to remember that even if instrumental benefits are important, if you placed them first, enthusiasm is likely to die. You always have to consider the inherent value of the activity. For Stephen Denning: One central aspect of the language of transformational leadership is therefore to articulate goals and activities in terms that can be viewed by participants as worthwhile in themselves, not merely pursued because they lead to instrumental benefits. This is a fundamental quote that resume the importance of articulating a clear, inspiring goal. Those facts are true for leaders, but it is also true for corporations, they are most inspiring when they pursue large goals that are worthwhile in themselves. In this book, we find the example of Toyota, their goal is to: to enrich society through the building of cars and trucks. Also the example of Johnson Johnson who defines the companys responsibilities as first, to the consumers and medical professionals using its products, second, to employees and managers, third to the communities where its people work and live, and fourth and last, to its stockholders. Or Costco, their goal is to provide its members quality goods at low markups. Transformational leaders present their goals as larger than any particular task or organization or time-bound objective. Stephen Denning take the example in politics: Thus Abraham Lincoln can be assassinated, but his vision of a nation pursuing a new birth of freedom lives on. John F. Kennedy can be shot, but his vision of changing race relations in the United States is implemented by his successor. Martin Luther King Jr. can be murdered, but a whole nation continues the work that he started. It is true that Goals that are articulated as worthwhile in themselves enhance the possibility of sustained enthusiasm, and hence the possibility of transformational leadership. But, articulating the goal as worthwhile in itself doesnt mean that listeners will necessarily see it in this way. Enthusiasm and finding reward in the activity your are pursuing is important, you find more energy and capabilities of reaching your goals and you know that when an activity is pursued for its own sake, the activity never ends. You are so convinced of the meaning and the importance of the activity that you want to reach a level of excellence, the activity will have no limits. It is what give us excitement when we are doing something we are convinced to do. In my opinion to be a good leader you should look for those feelings and excitement in an activity that will fulfill you needs. Or if you want to become a good leader it is the way you have to perceive an activity, you have to tend to those attempt. We are now going to see the importance of setting priorities among goals. 2. Setting Priorities Among Goals Leader fails a lot because they dont have a clear and inspiring goal or have too many of them. Leadership is such a demanding activity that any one individual can probably pursue no more than a couple of significant change ideas at any one time. It is essential to set priorities. Selecting a goal, or at most several goals, and then persevering is a requirement for success as a transformational leader. Stephen Denning take the example of Ronal Reagan, who was a single mindedness leader and politician. He success was mainly based on a relatively small number of goals : defeating the Soviet Union and reducing taxes and the size of government. What I learn for the chapter tow of the part two of The secret language of Leadership, is the importance of commitment and enthusiasm toward an activity in order to embrace inspiring goals that will be define clearly and focus on some domains, in order to make the activity a success. The leaders own story Committing to the goal Stephen Denning starts this third chapter by pointing out the fact that Abraham Lincoln did not begin his presidency as a transformational leader. By definition, transformational leadership is a process that changes and transforms individuals. It is often associated with ethics and involves long-term goals. Transformational leadership focuses on the process by which the leader engages with followers, and together create a connection that raises each of them to higher levels of motivation and morality. A transformational leader must be attentive to follower needs and motivation, and tries to help followers reach their full potential. It requires long term strategic planning, clear objectives, a clear vision, the efficiency of systems and processes According to B.M. Bass, one of the leading theorists on transformational leadership, the leader transforms and motivates followers by: making them more aware of the importance of task outcomes, inducing them to transcend their own self-interest for the sake of the organization or team, and activating their higher order needs. Transformational leadership is concerned both with the performance of followers as well as developing them to their full potential. What make Stephen Denning says that Abraham Lincoln did not begin his presidency as a transformational leader is that he was explicit in declaring that he had no intent to abolish slavery to his earlier speeches. Its explicit goal was to preserve the Union at that time, which mad sense as there was no consensus for abolishing slavery. But soon, in 1862, nearly 2 years after the beginning of his presidency, he came to the view that the Union could not be preserved without abolishing slavery. Stephen Denning says: Privately, he continued to argue that his goal remained the pragmatic one of preserving the Union. But publicly, Lincoln became a leader in a moral cause. In December 1862 Abraham Lincoln made a speech to the Congress: We say we are for the Union. The world will not forget that we say this. We know how to save the Union. The world knows we do know how to save it. Weà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ even we hereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ hold the power, and bear the responsibility. In giving freedom to the slave, we assure freedom to the freeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ honorable alike in what we give, and what we preserve. We shall nobly save, or meanly lose, the last best hope of earth. Other means may succeed; this could not fail. The way is plain, peaceful, generous, justà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ a way which, if followed, the world will forever applaud, and God must forever bless. This speech symbolize the moment when Lincoln became a transformational leader, he justified his action on instrumental and legal grounds. This new vision, based on moral grounds, Lincoln showed that it was something worthwhile in itself. With this changes Lincoln is proclaiming a new Union who want to restrain slavery, who will fulfill the promise of liberty. We can say that Lincoln is a transformational leader after this participation in the Congress in December 1862 because he stimulates people to want to do something different, inspiring them to higher levels of aspiration. Abraham Lincoln gives a new vision of what the United States should sand for: government of the people, by the people, for the people Stephen Denning came to the point of studying politicians as leaders. 1. Politicians as Leaders We often think of our politicians as leaders. But they are more oriented on the acquisition and retention of political office rather than being worried about people moral values and inspiring them to change. But if they do care, they usually survive in the world of politics. A successful politicians is one who is willing to fight, to attack the establish order, who is flexible. And who is able to preserve a public image of being honest, compassionate, moral and devout. Stephen Denning notice that: Retaining power is principally about listening to the electorate. If you want to get elected, learn to speak, said Tom Daschle, former Democratic leader in the U.S. Senate. If you want to stay elected, learn to listen. It is difficult to understand the commitment to change of politicians and also ambiguous, because you are not 100% sure of what drive them to the commitment of their goals. Stephen Denning says that we should not be surprised of the lack of leadership in politics because nothing in the terminology of politics suggests that the people are electing leaders. Also that politicians have qualities like containing conflicts, guiding forces of change by giving direction, value and purpose but that it is not necessarily the qualities of a transformational leader. I agree with the fact that politicians have qualities and that it is not the sign of a transformational leader. But when you choose to elect a politician, you would like him to manage your country and maybe to make yourself more aware of the importance of task outcomes, for your own self-interest, you might want his politician to be concern of developing the population to its full potential. But it is that in reality that does not happen that much, or will we know it and we would live in a perfect world or close to the excellence ! 2. CEOs as Leaders Stephen Denning takes the example of Alan Klapmeier in Cirrus Design, a manufacturer of private aircraft. Alan wanted to introduce a new innovation that would change the industry, but its board of directors stopped him because they just completes a market research highlighting that this product elicited the least interest. Later Klapmeier convinced his board of directors, the innovation was introduced and it became a success. The decisive issue for the board of directors was not if the innovation was worthwhile but it was the institutional preoccupation. Stephen Denning says: If a firm can focus its efforts on activities valuable in themselves where it has, or can develop, an edge over its competitors, social responsibility can become not a drag on the firms profitability but rather a strategic business opportunity. Companies can do well while doing good. He also highlight the fact that is easier to pursue an inherently worthwhile purpose in a privately held corporation rather than in a publicly held corporation as their business tend to be faire-weather corporate citizens, they are under continuing pressure to grow and do whatever is profitable. Furthermore, pursuing goals that are both worthwhile and profitable doesnt remove the inherent tensions between the pursuit of worthwhile activities and the goal of enhancing the bottom line. We can see that it is not easy for a CEO to be a leader, it depends of the environment, the context; it is why a leader as to be flexible and can adapt easily to the environment. We can also say that in publicly own companies they have the same tools as private own companies so they can try harder to pursue an inherently worthwhile purpose by develop a challenging and attractive vision, together with the employees and translate it to actions, express confidence, decisiveness and optimism about the vision and its implementation, realize the vision through small planned steps for its full implementation. But we also have to balances with the fact that objectives are not the same in private and publicly own companies. Speaking to the CEO (NB: people of power will be called CEO) Leadership is here approached through change. The main question rose by the author is How to communicate disruptive new ideas to people with great power. This implies the question of the HOW of course, which is one of the Management science and research main concerns but there is also here a dimension not that often developed, its the communication with people having power. We often hear how to be a leader and get your team and N-1 to do things but it is not that often that the target of power people (CEO) is approached. The key idea expressed here is understanding. The author emphasis on the human part of every individual and on the importance of the context. He thinks the person as an individual but part of a global scheme. To lead correctly you have to explore deeper and learn about personal individual. What are their preferences, hopes, manners, fears The idea here is to understand how people work inside, what trigger them. Because if you can understand the deeper needs of an individual you cant then easily figure out the proper way to communicate with him. You have then greater chances for him to listen to you and then to believe you. 1. Garry Williams and Robert Miller theory The author then develops a theory by Gary Williams and Robert Miller. They have agreed on 3 main leaders categories (80%): the charismatic, the skeptics and the followers, and they. then talk about thinkers and controllers (20%) Leaders needs: For charismatic: the boldness of idea should be featured For skeptical: need to hear the message from a person he trusts For risk averse follower: need to be reassured other people do it do Controller and thinkers: need details Trust Issue: The question of trust is developed. They distinguish here in the game of trust two different parties: the people in the inner circle of trust of the leader and the others. Inner Circle Not yet trusted Has the CEOs attention Sponsors the interaction Can be perceived as an opponent Can be perceived as irrelevant If so wont be listened to When aware of that, the challenges are easier to identify. The problem is here to focus on the CEOs interests and to make him believe in the idea you want to present to him by making it a part of himself. Committing to change The author uses here a powerful expression Commitment mind, body and soul. He explains here that to him the only way for a leader to succeed is to commit fully to an objective. The leader is here expected to see intensively even obsessively, to feel it. Being committed 100% is crucial for the leaders effectiveness, but the real problem is not to get him to convince the other but to get him passionate about the goal and get it to become a part of him. Because if strongly and intimately convinced he will be able to take the goal/company or team to a higher level. The leaders feelings stressed out? Feelings are often considered in Leadership theories, how to connect with people to make them do what is needed for the common goal (often the company)? But what I think is extremely interesting here is the consideration made to the leaders feelings. The question is not how to deal with the teams feelings but to analyze what thrive the leaders and how they handle their emotions. The Author here develops a little paragraph on how stressful it can be for a leader to become a leader. The two mains reasons to this stress would be : Steve Denning then points out the famous and classical world Leaders such as Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr. and Kennedy who so intimately convinced had to pay the price of their life for their causes. To conclude this discussion I found important to highlight the phrase p79 telling that its an opportunity to lift their game to a new level because to me it sums up very well the basic structure of leadership that is to say the dimension of a vision. 2. Howell Raines leadership tale Steve Denning choose to introduce this chapter with a story: The Howell Rainess leadership tale. He tells us more about Howell Raines, former executive editor of the New York Times and the kind of leader he is and how he lived and tried to implement is change strategy. To sum up, Raines wanted the times to be the first on the news, with bigger and more original stories covered by what he called overwhelming force. He was familiar with the firm and the staff and had strong backing from his boss. One of the first thing is did was to use his right of fire and hire to create the dream team he had in mind. He did implemented change and got the Times to win a Pulitzer but after 19 months he was dismissed because of one of his reporter accused of plagiarism. The underlying reason was a bit different though, he was told to have lost the newsroom. What happened here is that despite his vision and that he strongly believed in what he intended to implement, he had failed to win the hearts and minds of his staff. He did not listened to his people enough and was perceived as very intimidating and aggressive. He did not succeed in taking other with him in his change strategy mainly because he underestimated his change strategy and its interaction with the staff. New audience: The author here develops the concept of audience evolution. Communication and management as we know it now is pretty recent in human history. Once upon a time people were not considering work like they are now. They had no specific expectations except earning money and would not even think work as a way of making them feel better, important and individually considered. There are 3 notions I will highlight that I think are crucial to understand this change of audience expectations: Quest for happiness: Nowadays we are in what I call the endless happiness quest, everyone wants and have to be happy by any means, and it of course includes work. People have more skills, are more educated and therefore expect more. They want something in return. New relation to authority figures: Another important thing that changes a lot the way the audience is acting is that we nowadays have a new relation towards authority, in private spheres (Family with your parents) and public spheres (at work with your boss). This is very important to keep in mind to understand why the audience acts in a certain way and what it expects. Expansion of diversity: We are dealing with more and more differences between people: gender, ethnicity, nationality, religion, life style, age group and geographical location Understand that new audience: The problem is that dealing with different people means that you wont reach them with the same tools. What is the common point to every single individual? We are humans. And what is common to every human being? Emotions. Whatever we do, wherever we come from we are driven by emotions, whether we try to hide them or we work with them we are all emotional. This is what the leader has to use: Emotions. He has to keep in mind that we are all different, have different goals, ambitions, perspectives and needs but a way to get us to understand the other and get involve in change or in a project is to use our emotions, the one that thrives us to go to another level. The author emphasis a 2 dimensions individual with a surface and a deeper world. To make something of someone you have to go to the deeper world, and for this you have first to get to know the individual personal story. They question. They explore. They intuit. They wander. They mingle. They live in it. They listen. They watch. Its a matter of imaginatively reaching out and getting inside the subjective world of the people who need to change and getting a sense of what it is like living in that world, so that the leaders feel its logic and power and order and compelling harmony Finding and encouraging New leaders Steve Denning develops an idea that I find particularly interesting it is that leaders cant work alone. No matter how charismatic and how committed he is to his vision an idea he will need the others to make change happen. He speaks about middle hierarchy and calls them evangelizers. He then makes a parallel with Raines story and how he failed involving his staff in his change strategy. He ends that chapter with the concept of Narrative intelligence required for understanding the story of the change idea and the audiences story. 3.Steve Denning vision of leadership Why Do People Change Their Minds? Stephen Denning explains us that there are 3 ways for people to change their mind: by actual experience, by observed experience, and by symbolic learning. Actual Experience: The way we are living and experiencing things around us can change the way we think about them, mostly because of the feelings we have when experiencing those things. When you feel a strong emotion doing something, you trend to pay attention to it and to remember it more easily and longer than when you dont feel anything. Observed Experience: Actual experience is not the only way to learn from experiences, observing events can have the same emotional effect as real-life experiencing. In the public arena, 9/11 changed the way many people viewed terrorism. Symbolic Learning: Most of the time the learning of an idea communicated symbolically is not as powerful as an experience but it can have similar physiological reactions. In the author case, the combination of direct experience, observed experience, and symbolic learning led to his spending a large part of his life devoted to international development. 1. Changing minds through direct or observed learning: The more immediately people are involved in an actual or observed experience, the more meaningful the learning will be, and the more impact they will have. Direct or observed learning in a business environment can be: acting, conversations, visits, role-playing, simulations, prototyping, training, Advantages of experiential learning (direct or observed): Emotions are involved Participants make up their own opinion (durability of the change) Experiential learning is more effective than passive learning Limits of experiential learning: Leaders dont always have the power to change peoples actual experiences Most of the leaders falls on the use of language as a way to change peoples mind 2. Persuading people to change through language Methods of persuading people change their minds Abstract Narrative Direct and explicit Appeal to reason through detailed evidence and arguments Narratives in which the object is to have the listener live the story as fully and movingly as possible Indirect and implicit Appeals to intuition, through cues, signs, heuristics and manipulative tricks Narratives in which the object is to stimulate a new story in the mind of the listener Stephen Denning founds 4 different type of language that can be use to change people mind: Giving people abstract reasons Giving people indirect rules of thumb as to why they should change Involving people directly in a story Inducing people themselves to generate a new story Leaders are a key component in the art of influencing others and make them change their mind. Leadership depends on a lot of dimensions: the leader himself, the follower, the situation and any combination of these factors. Not only the leader can use language to influence his peers, but also emotions, rewards, charisma, 2.1 Abstract Appeals to Reason: To obtain the best results, emotion should be kept out: rational processing must be unencumbered by passion. As Stephen Denning said, give people reasons and they will do whatever you say. Advantages of the approach: It is honest It is open It isnt manipulative It ties in with the idea that human beings should be rational in their decision-making. Limits of reason method: When it comes to inspiring enduring enthusiasm for changing behavior, it is worse than ineffective It can be counterproductive. Research shows that when people are presented with reasons to change their behavior in a fundamental way, they become more entrenched in their current viewpoint, not less. This type of leadership can be related to the cognitive resources theory; in fact, the cognitive resources theory is a situational model that deals with the cognitive abilities of the leader. The context and the inter-personal relationship arent really taken in consideration and only the experience and the knowledge of the leader are important. It is because the leader knows what he is talking about that followers are able to trust him and to be leaded. Because this theory doesnt pay attention to circumstances and environment it cant be studied any further. In fact it has been proved that situation and context are as important as the trait personality of the leaders and the followers it is why it is important to go beyond the simple do what I asked you to do leadership behavior. Appeals to Intuition: It is obvious that logical reason isnt the only way (and the most common) used by people to make a choice. They are mainly base on intuitive thinking. Some of the reasons are because it is fast, automatic, effortless, associative, natural, and often barely conscious. In this case, efficiency of the decision-making process is more important than its accuracy. If we were to try to apply conscious reasoning to every decision we had to make, we would never get out of bed in the morning, let alone get anything done. Intuition operates by using more rapid pathways based on context and similarity rather than the conscious use of logic and evidence. It efficiently incorporates emotions and feelings. Intuition, suffused with emotion, points out things we should quickly focus on in order to take action. It guides attention and keeps us focused on things to do and things to avoid. For example in a business environment you can be subject to such approach when your boss tells you: Do this and youll get a bonus, or Do that and your career is over. These types of discussions dont invite people to examine the reasons why this makes sense or that doesnt: instead, they aim to invoke an intuitive decision to do what the system rewards and avoid what the system punishes. Advantages of the approach: It requires little effort from participants Effective for low involvement issues Limits of the method: Vulnerability to cognitive biases Extensive financial resources or power to put in place the relevant cues and rules of thumb Better for establishing attitudes in the first place than for changing behavior When managers offer quid pro quos in exchange for compliance, they may run out of quids to offer for the quos Risk of an incentive treadmill Generate pushback and cynicism The best role for appeals to intuition may be a limited one, as a support for other communication tools. This type of leadership is called transactional leadership, as said previously it can be effective in certain situation, but most of the time, it fails to motivate followers to perform beyond their basic job requirement. In this type of leadership, the leader has all the power and controls the relationship with the followers. This is not a healthy way to manage people and it doesnt give good results in a long-term basis. 2.2 Narrative Direct narrative: Direct Narrative arguments convince one of their truths, stories of their lifelikeness. Jerome Bruner, Actual Minds, Possible Worlds We can see in the day-to-day life that we make most of our decisions through narrative rather than careful intellectual effort. We cannot decide what to do until we decide what story or stories we see ourselves as living. So logically, if we want to change the way people act, we need to change their stories. But how does a story persuade people to act? The narrative immerses the listeners as fully as possible in the story. The listeners are mentally transported from the real world to the narrative world that the storyteller is telling them. The story operates like real experience so as to influence attitudes through emotions and feelings as if the listener was living the story for real. The more absorbing the story, the more effective it is. Advantages of the approach: It is carried by the natural affinity of human beings for stories Stories tend to be more interesting, fresh, and entertaining than abstract argument Stories are flexible Stories trend to diverse groups Limits of the method: It is time consuming to tell a story that fully transports the listener Need for substantial financial resources, coordination with multiple storytellers, and exercise of power Indirect narrative: The idea presented by Stephen Denning is that it is important to give some freedom to the listener in his way to hear a story. In fact, if the story is deliberately crafted to be less absorbing, the listeners will not only hear the story, he will also hear his own silent voices within, as his minds ponder the implications of an analogous story for his own life. The distinction between direct and indirect narratives is important. They involve two fundamentally different mechanisms for getting results. In the direct narrative: the emphasis is on absorbing listeners in the richly told story of the storyteller, mentally transporting them to another world. In the indirect narrative: the emphasis is on stimulating a new story in the minds of the listeners. Its the listeners story thats key. The distinction between direct and indirect narrative parallels the distinction between abstract reasons and intuition. Indirect narrative is a principal route by which transformational leaders stimulate desire for change. When Al Gores movie, An Inconvenient Truth, tells the story of the success in repairing the hole in the ozone layer by concerted international actions; he doesnt try to tell a well-told story. He doesnt try to immerse the listeners in the sights and sounds and smells of what was going on when people were taking steps to fix the hole in the ozone layer. His story doesnt transport listeners to that different world. Instead, his telling of that story is minimalist in style. His story may nevertheless succeed if it sparks a new story in the mind of the listener: We solved the problem of the hole in the ozone layer, so maybe we can solve the problem of global warming! Advantages of the approach: Quick and powerful Can generate long term change free of cynicism Change with energy, gusto and enthusiasm Limits of the method: It doesnt work on everyone It requires a certain amount of narrative intelligence 3. To resume: Experiential methods are more likely to be effective than non-experiential methods, because the emotional imprint of a live experience is usually more pronounced than that of a virtual experience by way of language. Narratives are more likely to be effective than abstract communications, because this is how human beings think and make decisions, and because it simulates the emotional significance of experiential learning. Indirect methods are more likely to be effective than direct methods, because indirect methods leave it up to the audience to make up their own minds rather than having opinions forced upon them. The Leader as Storyteller What has been demonstrated so far is that all leaders need narrative intelligence. They have to know how to craft and perform a story, with good judgment as to what kind of effect it would have on the audience. Narrative intelligence can be even more effective when its principles are made explicit, because then other people can learn how to use it. 1. The Central Role of Narrative Intelligence Yet theres something profoundly counterintuitive about the whole idea of narrative intelligence. We would all like to believe that its substance that convinces, that analytic understanding must surely be more effective than any mere story, particularly a rudimentary story without rhetorical flourishes. Its hard to accept that something as primitive and old-fashioned as a bland narrative can be more powerful than analysis in the sophisticated business world of the twenty-first century. What is even more challenging, though, is how far the idea of narrative intelligence may extend. What if storytelling was not only one communication tool among many but also a criterion for judging the effectiveness of all forms of communication directed toward action? The concept of multiple intelligences was put forward in 1983 by Howard Gardner in Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Several type of intelligences has been identified so far: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, and intrapersonal, the naturalistic intelligence, and the emotional intelligence. None of these intelligences cover whats involved in narrative intelligence, that is to say, an understanding of and a capacity to navigate through a world of interacting narratives. But what exactly does Stephen Denning mean by narrative intelligence? Its about understanding the world in narrative terms and grasping the pervasive role of narratives in all aspects of human existence. It concerns knowing the different components and dimensions of narratives. Its being familiar with the different patterns of stories that exist and knowing which narrative patterns are likely to have what effect in which situation. Its knowing how to overcome the fundamental attribution error and understand the audiences story. Its having the capacity to anticipate the dynamic factors that will determine how the audience will react to a new story. Its being able to judge whether a new story is likely to be generated in the mind of any particular audience by any particular communication tool. Telling truthful stories The will to truth which will still tempt us to many a venture, that famous truthfulness of which all philosophers so far have spoken with respectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  what questions has this will to truth not laid before us! What strange, wicked, questionable questions! Friedrich Nietzsche 1. Truthfulness in the Marketplace In collaborative activities, truthfulness is a normal condition: deceptiveness, or being less than forthcoming, is aberrational. Competitive situations are different. In The Liars Tale, Jeremy Campbell reminds us that throughout nature, deceptiveness and nondisclosure are the norm in competitive situations. Deception, dissembling, feints, and bluffs are the name of the game. Since transformational leadership is in essence a collaborative activity, the relevant model is the collaborative one. In leadership, truthfulness and integrity are essential. Lack of forthrightness or deliberate shading of the truth is devastating to trust and credibility. Even an apparent lack of openness, can be disastrous. The marketplace presents interesting issues for transformational leadership since it inevitably comprises a mix of collaboration and competition. In the marketplace, the tension between competition and collaboration is always in play. The dilemmas can be acute for individuals. The answer to those questions is both obvious and difficult. Its obvious in the sense that if the objective is transformational leadership, to achieve the enduring enthusiasm of customers, truthfulness is crucial. Leaders have no choice: truth is their currency. Shading the truth may yield benefits in the short run and even result in a quick killing in the sense of a sale and a profit, but it also risks a killing in a different sense, that is, the death of trust. The practices of deception, shading the truth, less-than-full disclosure, and the manipulative weapons of influence dont constitute a long-term basis for generating enduring enthusiasm for a product, a service, a brand, or an organization. To be a transformational leader and inspire enduring enthusiasm, theres really no choice: truth telling is foundational. In the world of branding, the temptation to shade the truth is even stronger, especially now that companies have discovered how consumers can develop strong relationships with their brands in an anthropological sense, despite the lack of any real distinctiveness of the underlying products or services. Although this approach of saying whatever you can get away with may have short-run gains, in terms of long-term trust and enduring enthusiasm, it is a frequently trod path to disaster. Doing the right thing pays off. Storytellers who trick consumers get caught. They become inconsistent and sooner or later they get punished. Transformational leaders use their followers emotions to make them change their mind. This can be done regardless to any ethics and moral value. Transformational leaders can be very influent over their followers who are often respectful and trustful to them. Sadly not all leaders are good people, and some of them may have narcissistic behaviors, thriving tendencies on power and manipulation. Furthermore, some followers can be emotionally dependent to their leaders. It exists a theory of the dark side of charisma (describes by Yukl), that explains that for every example of a positive transformational leadership behavior, there are also some sad example of negative transformational leaders demonstrating charismatic qualities. For example Mahatma Ghandi is of course know for his impressive charismatic leader qualities in a good way, while Charles Manson or The Rev Jim Jones both are example of leaders from the dark side charisma leadership. Transactional leaders are more focusing on results and performance, transformational leaders prefers ethics and values. In short, these two approaches to leadership have different moral dimensions. Transformational leaders can manipulate their followers in ways that are more negative than positive for them. I read in an article[1] where it was explain that 3 scientific: Sanders, Hopkins and Geroy proposed an extension to both theories with what they called the transcendental leadership theory. Their article suggests that there are 3 type of leadership level: the transactional, the transformational, and the transcendental, and they suggest that a leaders development has to be associated with these levels of leadership accomplishment. This model in opposition to traditional leadership theories indicates that leadership is best understood if we take into consideration the leaders internal concern. They in fact tried to bring spirituality out of the box and to weave it twist into new way of thinking of leadership. Through charisma, individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation and inspirational motivation, transformational leaders have great potential to promote performance beyond expectations and to effect enormous changes within individuals and organizations. Nevertheless, the transformational leadership seems to be seen as a coherent leadership style adapted to our time even if we saw some dramatic example of what can be done on the same of charisma, risks exist particularly using idealized influence. The transformation of individual and organization has to be paired with moral and integrity concern and responsibilities. 2. Authentically Communicating Distinctiveness Being a leader in the marketplace imply to make a commitment to truth and authenticity. So, the company must not communicate on an authenticity that didnt really exist. If the company has no distinctiveness, it need to find or create one before communicate on it. The company cannot, for being a good leader, lie on a potential distinctiveness. Companies need to fix the firm inside before going outside We can identify three ways of communicating distinctiveness in an authentic way. The story of the firm itself: you can talk about where the company come from, what values it has, how it grew Southwest Airlines is a story of people living life to the fullest, with humor and a sense of fun, being free to roam about the country because the airline makes it affordable to do so by providing cheap, reliable, entertaining flights to popular destinations This way of communicating distinctiveness is closely linked to the character of its founder. However, we can criticized this approach because you can have good companies that are good leaders but without a good story behind it. In the case of a merge or acquisition, the story of the company can be sort of deleted. The value and story of the company can also evolve with the time and the trends so they have to be careful on what they communicate. If a company defend a value since many years, and for different reasons, it has to move away from this value, the company will have to adapt its communication. The story of the products and services: you can just communicate on the distinctiveness of the products or services. However, the problem is a distrust atmosphere in the marketplace that makes hard to tell credible stories about products or services. Customers have difficulties to believe that what the company said is true. Consequently, the solution can be to lean on customers for broadcasting this message. Consumers who trust the products and services will be messengers of the company. In this case, you dont need any advertisements. Google is a highly valued and valuable company, not because of its clever advertisements, but because hundreds of millions of people find its software pleasant and easy to use, and they are happy to tell their friends and colleagues about it People will trust more their friends and families than the company, so this message will be better received and believed. This phenomenon could happen thanks to the word of mouth but also thanks to the Internet, blogs and social networks However, for expecting that customers became evangelists of the brand, they have to be really satisfied by the products and services. And for this, it means that the company has a special relationship with its consumers with values like constancy and integrity. As a limit of this solution, we can say that, here, the company needs to have already built a relationship with its consumers. It cannot come and expect to have some brand evangelists. The story of the client: for any brand, there is a certain type of person who loves this brand. If you know the story of this person, it can resonate and turn the brand into an icon When Volkswagen presented itself as a company that made cars for iconoclasts in the 1960s and 1970s, it was hugely successful Thanks to this, the consumer can recognize himself to the brand he consumed and it will increase its brand loyalty. There is the apparition of implication and its like the consumer is part of the brand and the company. This solution is less obvious than the previous solutions. It can be difficult to really perceive what kind of person is the consumer. Moreover, the company risks losing consumers that are not exactly the kind of person that the company described. 3. From Sales Pitch to Trusted Partnership Considering the importance of trust for a company, a lot of them are now aspiring to become reliable collaborators with their consumers. Thus, these companies prefer to receive positive consideration than achieve immediately sales. Consumers are looking for advice and dialogue about issues of common concern. Thats what Stephen Denning called moving from sales pitch to trusted partnership. For this, companies have to really understand what is involved in the phenomenon of trust. Social scientists have discovered that trust is created by different collaborative behaviors. They took, in particular, the example of scientific community where there is a spirit of generosity. Participants make their contributions and they take their chances as to whether or when they will get anything back in return In this type of community, behaviors are respected because they lead to trust, scientists are transparently honest. We can observe the same phenomenon in the pharmaceutical industry, because of all the laws and regulations that border this market. Risks are quantified and made explicit to doctors and consumers at the time of purchase The last industry mentioned here is the software market. Here, products are tested for effectiveness but bugs are considering as normal and they are repaired with successive versions of the software. Users are sometimes more interested in getting timely updates of software than in avoiding risks from flawed product releases Nevertheless, in this market, the level of trust generated is unlikely to be high. There is some miscommunication to the consumers and software is rarely withdrawn from the market when there are some issues. Leaning on these examples, Stephen Denning give us recommendations on how to behave for building a trusted relationship: Showing real concern for the interest of counterparts: you have to be interested in the problems of the people you are dealing with Revealing vulnerability:we can say that you have to show as a human person with your strengths and notably your weaknesses. Sharing something of value early on: like you bring something to a friend when you go to his house, you need to bring something to your partner. Meshing with what has gone before: here, its the importance of listening and sharing with your partner. Instead of just giving, you can receive feedbacks from your partner. Willingness to learn: this is linked with the previous item, you have to be ready to listen what the partner wants to say. You are not here just to talk and express what you think. Generally, going towards a trusted partner behavior will be a significant change for companies. For staffs that wont be ready for the transition, thats where good quality of leadership will be involved. As a general critic to this part, we can say that Stephen Denning went to much in details for the examples of specific market and less in the advantages and drawbacks of sales pitch and trusted partnership. 4. Truthfulness in the March to War For illustrating the transformational leadership, Stephen Denning choose to talk about politics. Especially, by giving the example of how to convince people that launching a war against another country is legitimate and useful. Politicians usually have to demonize the enemy, exaggerate the offences it has caused, minimize the difficulties that will occur in the prosecution of the war, and exaggerate the benefits that will ensue Through the examples of the First World War, where the entire range of modern media were used to deploy propaganda, and of the Vietnam War, where they used misleading military rationales to frighten the American people, Stephen Denning showed us that the leadership in this case can really lead to a huge transformation of the opinion and way of thinking. He ended this part by the case of the Iraq war. This war was launched, lean upon a set of stories that turned out to be false. Consequently, we should be careful for verifying the stories used by politicians to persuade us into a war of choice. Here, we see the bad aspect of storytelling. With more time and examination of risk, it can help to verify the stories. As a limit of this comparison between war decision and transformational leadership, we can say that according to the context, the arguments given can be less powerful and impactful. To conclude this chapter, which talked about the importance of truthfulness, we can say that it has become a really important item for a company and for the durability of good relationship with its partners (consumers, clients, suppliers). Truthfulness is not just a quality of the mind. It must be reflected in the entire person and reflected in the body language of the leader Thats what Stephen Denning is going to talk about in the following chapter. Leadership presence What is leadership presence? Is it something mysterious or magical? How did great leaders come to possess it? Were they born with it? Can it be learned? Even without answering to these questions, Stephen Denning already said that it is unavoidable if you want to be listened, to get respect, to be taken seriously and to be a leader. In the book Leadership presence of Belle Linda Halpern and Kathy Lubar define it as the ability to connect authentically with the thoughts and feelings of others. With this, we can add to have a clear goal and being aware of your own story. But, in this chapter, he chooses to focus on something else: the body language. It can infer immediately on what it is said. The calm assertiveness of real leadership implies energy, but energy has been harnessed, energy that offers no direct threat to the audience. The idea of calm assertiveness is used for talking about the control of our own fears and desires. It helped us to show that we are here for the audience and available to listen and interact with them. To implement this idea, there are only some basics to establish presence. 1. And What Are Those Basics? Basics elements that are quoted here, for a good body language, are: Eye contact: the highway on which the interaction takes place. You symbolize that you are ready to interact with everyone who is there. Throw away your notes: you have to delete this obstacle between you and the audience. You also have to be fully present and not only a reader. Get out from behind podium: its also an obstacle between you and the audience. They can think that you are hiding yourself. Open body stance: with square shoulders, calm and total focus on audience, you will signify that you are there for the audience. Use gesture: with this, you are saying that its not only your mind that is here, but all your body. It can add images to your word and showing energy and enthusiasm. But, in any case, they should reflect calm assertiveness. Plant your feet: if you must move, does it toward the audience but not side to side across the scene. These few simple principles are essential to create a good impact on the audience for a leader. In this part, Stephen Denning is detailing a lot of simple principle that you have to implement for starting to be a good leader. This little practical actions are really useful but it is important to underline that they are not enough. 2. Practice, Practice, Practice We lost time for preparing what we are going to say instead of working on how we are going to say it. Macolm Ladwell points out, we all want to believe that the key to having impact on someone lies with the inherent quality of the ideas we present. In fact, the way we decide to present our ideas can totally influence what we are going to say and how is going to be received by the audience. According to Stephen Denning, thanks to the calm assertiveness, everything you can say can become wonderful! The important is to bring into harmony body, emotion and thought. The key for succeeds into that is only to practice a lot. We can measure a kind of success when the leaders succeed to speak the language of leadership from the heart. The listeners will recognize good intent and help rectify any defects in performance skills by hearing what was meant to be said. 3. Do Leaders Need Charisma? We dont have to confuse body language of Leadership and Charisma. For him, Charisma is not at all an essential element of leadership. The born leader and colourful charismatic person are only legend. A lot of good leaders havent any charisma at the beginning. By the example of Gandhi, he showed us that the charisma means nothing for being a good leader. And, moreover, his final charisma was not the reason but the result of his success. It was only after he had success in influencing people that people began to think of Gandhi as having Charisma Consequently, we can say that charisma is more a consequence of leadership than a cause of it. In this part, Stephen Denning is really explaining in detail the story of Gandhi. It gives a good overview of how a good leader can have no charisma from the beginning. However, it will have been interesting to have another examples to see how charisma can influence (or not) a good leadership. 4. Can Leaders Use Written Stories Here, he wants to talk a little about the uses of written communication. For him, it is not really reluctant because there is no presence and interaction with the audience. To engage these kinds of audiences with strange, new, transformational ideas, I have two words of advice: be there! Nowadays, to read a book takes time and people needs to be motivated for reading a book. Thats where storytelling can help to motivate people to read. So, you need to meet your audience and motivate them for reading written communications. Finally, in this part on written communication, Stephen Denning is really going quickly without talking about the impact that can have these types of communication. It is not only a question of time or motivation. It is also a question of choice and willing to discover more described way of communication. 5. Should Leaders Use PowerPoint? Stephen Denning ended this chapter by talking about the importance of the support during a presentation. Nowadays, the most used tool is the PowerPoint. However, for many people this tool can be really boring and destroy a good presentation. But, he wants to highlight the important rules that you have to follow for making a good PowerPoint support to your presentation. The medium encourages the speaker to use theatrical tricks to keep the audiences attention. It can be an effective performance. But it is less likely that the message sticks as well as one that combines words with images. With this piece of advice on how to build a good PowerPoint presentation, Stephen Denning keep on giving practical advices that can be really useful. Again, these advices are not enough to become a good leader but they are still good to read. Finally in this chapter, we have seen, through really practical tools and information, the importance of body language in a good trusted partnership. For succeed a transformational leadership, you need also to insure a good leadership presence. This presence is notably made by the right body language. Parallel with other main leadership theories: I will highlight some concepts of some other leadership theories that are I think correlated to Steve Denning leadership conception. The Secret Language of Leadership 3 [1] Transformational Leadership: Characteristics and Criticisms by Iain Hay (https://www.leadingtoday.org/weleadinlearning/transformationalleadership.htm)